m_los.cc

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/* Copyright (C) 2000, 2001 Patrick Eriksson <patrick@rss.chalmers.se>
 
   This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
   under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
   Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option) any
   later version.
 
   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
   GNU General Public License for more details.
 
   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
   along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
   Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307,
   USA. */
 
 
 
//   File description
 
//   External declarations
 
#include <cmath>
#include "arts.h"
#include "atm_funcs.h"          
#include "complex.h"          
#include "matpackI.h"
#include "los.h"
#include "math_funcs.h"          
#include "messages.h"          
#include "auto_wsv.h"          
#include "auto_md.h"          
extern const Numeric PI;
extern const Numeric DEG2RAD;
extern const Numeric RAD2DEG;
extern const Numeric COSMIC_BG_TEMP;
extern const Numeric SUN_TEMP;
extern const Numeric PLANCK_CONST;
extern const Numeric BOLTZMAN_CONST;
extern const Numeric SPEED_OF_LIGHT;
extern const Numeric EARTH_GRAV_CONST;
extern const Numeric AVOGADROS_NUMB;
 
 
//   LOS help functions 
 
 
bool any_ground( const ArrayOfIndex& ground )  
{
  for ( Index i=0; i<ground.nelem(); i++ )
  {
    if ( ground[i] )
      return 1;
  }  
  return 0;
}
 
 
 
 
 
void los_geometric(
                    Vector&     z,
                    Vector&     psi,
                    Numeric&    l_step,
              const Numeric&    z_plat,
              const Numeric&    za,
              const Numeric&    atm_limit,
              const Numeric&    r_geoid )
{
  // A safety check
  assert( za <= 90 );
 
  Vector    l;      // Lengths along the LOS from the tangent point
  Index     nz;     // Length of z and psi
 
  // Some temporary values are always double to avoid numerical problems
  // (this is especially a problem where r_geoid is squared).
  double    a, b;   // Temporary values
  double    llim;   // distance to atmospheric limit
 
  // Distance from the lowest point of the LOS to the atmospheric limit
  a     = r_geoid + atm_limit;
  b     = (r_geoid+z_plat) * sin(DEG2RAD*za);
  llim  = sqrt( a*a - b*b ) - (r_geoid+z_plat)*cos(DEG2RAD*za) ;
 
  // Handle the rare case that llim < l_step
  if ( llim < l_step )         
    l_step = llim*0.9999;       // *0.9999 to avoid problem in interpolations
 
  // Create equally spaced points along the LOS
  linspace( l, 0, llim, l_step );
 
  nz = l.nelem();
  z.resize(   nz );
  psi.resize( nz );
 
  // Calculate vertical altitudes and angles
  b = r_geoid + z_plat;  
  a = b * b;
  //
  for ( Index i=0; i<nz; i++ )
  {
    z[i]   = sqrt( a + l[i]*l[i] + 2.0*b*l[i]*cos(DEG2RAD*za) );
    psi[i] = RAD2DEG * acos( (a+z[i]*z[i]-l[i]*l[i]) / (2.0*b*z[i]) ); 
 
    // Nan can in some cases be obtained for very small angles 
    if ( isnan(psi[i]) )
      psi[i] = 0;
 
    z[i]     = z[i] - r_geoid;
  }
}
 
 
 
 
void los_refraction(
                    Vector&     z,
                    Vector&     psi,
                    Numeric&    l_step,
              const Numeric&    z_plat,
              const Numeric&    za,
              const Numeric&    atm_limit,
              const Numeric&    r_geoid,
              const Vector&     /* p_abs */,
              const Vector&     z_abs,
              const Index&      /* refr */,
              const Index&      refr_lfac,
              const Vector&     refr_index,
              const Numeric&    c )
{
  // A safety check
  assert( za <= 90 );
 
  // Allocate memory for temporary z and psi. To be safe, make vectors 50 %
  // as long than for the geometric case
  Index np;
  {
    // Distance from the lowest point of the LOS to the atmospheric limit
    double  a    = r_geoid + atm_limit;
    double  b    = (r_geoid+z_plat) * sin(DEG2RAD*za);
    double  llim = sqrt( a*a - b*b ) - (r_geoid+z_plat)*cos(DEG2RAD*za) ;
 
    // Handle the rare case that llim < l_step
    if ( llim < l_step )         
      l_step = llim*0.9999;       // *0.9999 to avoid problem in interpolations
 
    np = Index( ceil( 1.5 * ( llim/l_step + 1) ) );
  }
  Vector   zv(np), pv(np); 
 
  // Double is used here instead of Numeric to avoid nuerical problems
  const double l = l_step / (double)refr_lfac;   // Step length of ray tracing
  Index    i = refr_lfac;                // Ray tracing step counter
  double   z1;                           // Old altitude of the LOS
  double   z2 = z_plat;                  // New altitude of the LOS
  double   rz1, rz2;                     // As z1 and z2 but + r_geoid
  double   psi1;                         // Old angle of the LOS
  double   psi2 = 0;                     // New angle of the LOS
  double   n1, n2;                       // Refractive index at z1 and z2
  double   n;                            // Either n1 or the mean of n1 and n2
  double   c2=c; c2 = c2 * c2;           // Square of the LOS constant
  Index    j;                            // See below
  double   d, e, f;                      // Some temporary values
 
  np = 0;
 
  // To save computational time, the interpolation is handled locally so
  // the indeces for the refr_index vector can be remembered from one 
  // interpolation to next.
  const Index   nz = z_abs.nelem();
        Index   iz; 
  for ( iz=0; (iz<nz) && (z_abs[iz]<=z2); iz++ ) {}
  if ( iz < nz )
    n2 = refr_index[iz-1] + (refr_index[iz]-refr_index[iz-1])*
                                      (z2-z_abs[iz-1])/(z_abs[iz]-z_abs[iz-1]);
  else
    n2 = 1;
 
  while ( z2 <= atm_limit )
  {
 
    z1   = z2;
    psi1 = psi2;
    n1   = n2;
 
    if ( i == Index(refr_lfac) )
    {    
      zv[np] = z2;
      pv[np] = RAD2DEG * psi2;
      i     = 1;
      np++;
      assert( np < zv.nelem() );
    }
    else
      i++; 
 
    // We repeat the calculation of z2 some times to get better estimates for
    // a mean of value of n between z1 and z2. For first iteration n is set 
    // to n1, and for later iteration as the mean of n1 and n2.
    //
    // A practical test showed a clear improvement when doing 2 iterations 
    // instead of a single iteration, but just a marginally improvement when
    // going to 3 iterations. So 2 iterations seem to be the best choice.
    //
    for ( j=1; j<=2; j++ )
    {
 
      if ( j == 1 )
        n = n1;
      else
        n = ( n1 + n2 ) / 2;
 
      rz1 = z1 + r_geoid;
      d   = rz1 * rz1;
      e   = c2/(n*n);
      f   = d - e;
 
      // When using float, there have been NaNs here (due to z1 < c/n).
      // So we must make a check to avoid these NaNs.
      // 
      if ( f <= 0 )
        rz2 = sqrt( l*l + e );
      else
        rz2 = sqrt( pow( l + sqrt(f), 2 ) + e );
 
      z2 = rz2 - r_geoid;
 
      // Determine n at z2
      for ( ; (iz<nz) && (z_abs[iz]<=z2); iz++ ) {}
      if ( iz < nz )
        n2 = refr_index[iz-1] + (refr_index[iz]-refr_index[iz-1])*
                                      (z2-z_abs[iz-1])/(z_abs[iz]-z_abs[iz-1]);
      else
        n2 = 1;
    }
 
    psi2 = psi1 + acos( (d+rz2*rz2-l*l) / (2*rz1*rz2) ); 
  }
 
  // Move values from temporary vectors
  z.resize(   np );
  psi.resize( np );
  z   = zv[Range(0,np)];        // Copy first np values of zv to z.
  psi = pv[Range(0,np)];        // Copy first np values of pv to psi.
}
 
 
 
//   The sub-function to losCalc
 
 
void los_1za(
                    Vector&     z,
                    Vector&     psi,
                    Numeric&    l_step,
                    Index&      ground,
                    Index&      start,
                    Index&      stop,
                    Numeric&    z_tan,
              const Numeric&    z_plat,
              const Numeric&    za,
              const Numeric&    l_step_max,
              const Numeric&    z_ground,
              const Numeric&    r_geoid,
              const Vector&     p_abs,
              const Vector&     z_abs,
              const Index&        refr,
              const Index&        refr_lfac,
              const Vector&     refr_index )
{
  Numeric   c;        // LOS constant when considering refraction
 
  // Determine the upper limit of the atmosphere
  const Numeric atm_limit = last(z_abs);
 
  if ( refr )
  {
    c = refr_constant( r_geoid, za, z_plat, p_abs, z_abs, atm_limit, 
                                                                  refr_index );
    z_tan = ztan_refr( c, za, z_plat, z_ground, p_abs, z_abs, refr_index, 
                                                                     r_geoid );
  }
  else
    z_tan  = ztan_geom( za, z_plat, r_geoid );
 
  // Set l_step to its most probable value
  l_step = l_step_max;
 
 
  //=== Observation from space ================================================
  if ( z_plat >= atm_limit )
  {
    Index     nz;          // Length of z and psi
    Numeric   psi0 = 0;    // Correction value for psi
 
    out3 << " (z_tan = " << z_tan/1e3 << " km)";
    
    // If LOS outside the atmosphere, return empty vectors
    if ( z_tan >= atm_limit )
    {
      ground = 0;
      z.resize(   0 );
      psi.resize( 0 );
      nz     = 1;
    }
  
    // Only through the atmosphere
    else if ( z_tan >= z_ground )
    {
      if ( !refr )
      {
        los_geometric( z, psi, l_step, z_tan, 90.0, atm_limit, r_geoid );
        psi0 = za - 90.0;
      }
      else
      {
        los_refraction( z, psi, l_step, z_tan, 90.0, atm_limit, r_geoid, 
                                p_abs, z_abs, refr, refr_lfac, refr_index, c );
 
        // Determine the "zenith angle" of the LOS at the top of the atmosphere
        Numeric zmax = last( z );
        Numeric n = interpz( p_abs, z_abs, refr_index, zmax );
        Numeric theta = RAD2DEG * asin( c / ((r_geoid+zmax)*n)  );
 
        psi0 = theta + za - 180.0 + last(psi);
      }
 
      ground = 0;
      nz     = z.nelem();
    }   
  
    // Intersection with the ground
    else
    {
      // The "zenith angle" at ground level
      Numeric za_g;
 
      if ( !refr )
      {
        za_g = RAD2DEG * asin( (r_geoid+z_tan) / (r_geoid+z_ground) );   
 
        los_geometric( z, psi, l_step, z_ground, za_g, atm_limit, r_geoid );
 
        psi0 = za + za_g - 180.0;
      }
      else
      {
        za_g = RAD2DEG * asin( c / ( (r_geoid+z_ground) * 
                  n_for_z( z_ground, p_abs, z_abs, refr_index, atm_limit ) ) );
 
        los_refraction( z, psi, l_step, z_ground, za_g, atm_limit, r_geoid, 
                                p_abs, z_abs, refr, refr_lfac, refr_index, c );
 
        // Determine the "zenith angle" of the LOS at the top of the atmosphere
        Numeric zmax = last( z );
        Numeric n = n_for_z( zmax, p_abs, z_abs, refr_index, atm_limit );
        Numeric theta = RAD2DEG * asin( c / ((r_geoid+zmax)*n)  );
 
        psi0 = theta + za - 180.0 + last(psi);
      }
 
      ground = 1;
      nz     = z.nelem();
    }
 
    // Add psi0 to all elements:
    if ( psi0 != 0 )
      psi += psi0;              
  
    start = stop = nz - 1;
  }
 
 
  //=== Inside the atmosphere looking upwards =================================
  else if ( za <= 90 )
  {
    if ( !refr )
      los_geometric( z, psi, l_step, z_plat, za, atm_limit, r_geoid );
    else
      los_refraction( z, psi, l_step, z_plat, za, atm_limit, r_geoid, 
                                p_abs, z_abs, refr, refr_lfac, refr_index, c );
    ground = 0;
    stop   = 0;
    start  = z.nelem() - 1;
  }
 
  //=== Inside the atmosphere looking downwards ===============================
  else
  {
    // Some temporary values are always double to avoid numerical problems
    // (this is especially a problem where r_geoid is squared).
    double   l1;     // Distance between platform and tangent point or ground
    double   a, b;   // Temporary values
 
    out3 << " (z_tan = " << z_tan/1e3 << " km)";
 
    // Only through the atmosphere
    if ( z_tan >= z_ground )
    {
      if ( !refr )
      {
        // Calculate the distance platform-tangent point
        a  = r_geoid + z_plat;
        b  = r_geoid + z_tan; 
        l1 = sqrt(a*a-b*b);   
 
        // A sufficient large distance between platform and tangent point
        if ( l1 > l_step_max/10 )
        {
          // Adjust l_step downwards to get an integer number of steps
          stop  = Index( ceil( l1 / l_step_max + 1.0 ) - 1 );  
          l_step = l1 / Numeric(stop);
        }
 
        // Ignore downwrd part if platform is very close to tangent point
        else
        {
          l_step = l_step_max;
          stop   = 0;
        }
          
        los_geometric( z, psi, l_step, z_tan, 90.0, atm_limit, r_geoid );
      }
      else
      {
        // Calculate a first LOS from the tangent point and up to the sensor
        // using l_step/refr_lfac as step length
        Numeric   l = l_step / (Numeric)refr_lfac;
        los_refraction( z, psi, l, z_tan, 90.0, z_plat+l, r_geoid, 
                                        p_abs, z_abs, refr, 1, refr_index, c );
 
        // Determine the distance along the LOS between the tangent point and
        // the sensor by an interpolation
        {
          Vector ls;
          linspace( ls, 0, l*(Numeric)(z.nelem()-1) , l );
          l1 = interp_lin( z, ls, z_plat );
        }
 
        // A sufficient large distance between platform and tangent point
        if ( l1 > l_step_max/10 )
        {
          // Adjust l_step downwards to get an integer number of steps
          stop  = Index( ceil( l1 / l_step_max + 1.0 ) - 1 );  
          l_step = l1 / Numeric(stop);
        }
  
        // Ignore downwrd part if platform is very close to tangent point
        else
        {
          l_step = l_step_max;
          stop   = 0;
        }
 
        los_refraction( z, psi, l_step, z_tan, 90.0, atm_limit, r_geoid, 
                                p_abs, z_abs, refr, refr_lfac, refr_index, c );
      }
 
      ground = 0;
      start  = z.nelem() - 1;
 
      // The angular distance between the sensor and the tangent point 
      // is psi[stop]
      psi += psi[stop];         // Matpack can add element-vise like this.
    }
 
    // Intersection with the ground
    else
    {
      Numeric za_g;       // The "zenith angle" at ground level
 
      if ( !refr )
      {
        // Calculate the distance platform-ground
        a  = r_geoid + z_plat;
        b  = r_geoid + z_tan;
        b  = b * b; 
        l1 = sqrt(a*a-b);   
        a  = r_geoid + z_ground;
        l1 = l1 - sqrt(a*a-b);   
  
        // A sufficient large distance between platform and ground
        if ( l1 > l_step_max/10 )
        {
          // Adjust l_step downwards to get an integer number of steps
          stop  = Index( ceil( l1 / l_step_max + 1.0 ) - 1 );  
          l_step = l1 / Numeric(stop);
        }
  
        // Ignore downwrd part if platform is very close to ground
        else
        {
          l_step = l_step_max;
          stop   = 0;
        }
 
        za_g = RAD2DEG * asin( (r_geoid+z_tan) / (r_geoid+z_ground) );
  
        los_geometric( z, psi, l_step, z_ground, za_g, atm_limit, r_geoid );
      }
 
      else
      {
        za_g = RAD2DEG * asin( c / ( (r_geoid+z_ground) * 
                  n_for_z( z_ground, p_abs, z_abs, refr_index, atm_limit ) ) );
 
        Numeric   l = l_step / (Numeric)refr_lfac;
        los_refraction( z, psi, l, z_ground, za_g, z_plat+l, r_geoid, 
                                        p_abs, z_abs, refr, 1, refr_index, c );
 
        // Determine the distance along the LOS between the tangent point and
        // the sensor by an interpolation
        {
          Vector ls;
          linspace( ls, 0, l*(Numeric)(z.nelem()-1) , l );
          l1 = interp_lin( z, ls, z_plat );
        }
 
        // A sufficient large distance between platform and ground
        if ( l1 > l_step_max/10 )
        {
          // Adjust l_step downwards to get an integer number of steps
          stop  = Index( ceil( l1 / l_step_max + 1.0 ) - 1 );  
          l_step = l1 / Numeric(stop);
        }
 
        // Ignore downwrd part if platform is very close to ground
        else
        {
          l_step = l_step_max;
          stop   = 0;
        }
 
        los_refraction( z, psi, l_step, z_ground, za_g, atm_limit, r_geoid, 
                                p_abs, z_abs, refr, refr_lfac, refr_index, c );
      }
 
      ground = 1;
      start  = z.nelem() - 1;
 
      // The angular distance between the sensor and the ground
      // is psi[stop]
      psi += psi[stop];         // Matpack can add element-vise like this.
    }
  }
}
 
 
 
//   The sub-function to yCalc
 
void y_rte (
                    Vector&          y,
              const Los&             los,   
              ConstVectorView        f_mono,
              ConstVectorView        y_space,
              const ArrayOfMatrix&   source,
              const ArrayOfMatrix&   trans,
              ConstVectorView        e_ground,
              const Numeric&         t_ground,
              const Index&           z_start,
              const Index&           z_end )
{
  // Some variables
  const Index   n=los.start.nelem();  // Number of zenith angles 
  const Index   nf=f_mono.nelem();    // Number of frequencies 
        Vector   y_tmp(nf);           // Temporary storage for spectra
        Index   iy0=0;               // Reference index for output vector
 
  out2 << "  Integrating the radiative transfer eq. with emission.\n";
 
  assert (z_start >= 0);
  assert (z_end < n);
 
  // Resize y
  y.resize( nf* (z_end - z_start + 1) );
        
  // Set up vector for ground blackbody radiation if any ground intersection
  // Check also if the ground emission vector has the correct length
  Vector   y_ground(f_mono.nelem()); 
  if ( any_ground(los.ground) )  
  {
    if ( t_ground <= 0 )
      throw runtime_error(
          "There are intersections with the ground, but the ground\n"
          "temperature is set to be <=0 (are dummy values used?).");
    if ( e_ground.nelem() != nf )
      throw runtime_error(
          "There are intersections with the ground, but the frequency and\n"
          "ground emission vectors have different lengths (are dummy values\n"
          "used?).");
    out2 << "  There are intersections with the ground.\n";
    planck( y_ground, f_mono, t_ground );
  }
 
  // Loop zenith angles
  out3 << "    Zenith angle nr:      ";
  for ( Index i = z_start; i <= z_end; i++ )
  {
    if ( (i%20)==0 )
      out3 << "\n      ";
    out3 << " " << i; cout.flush();
    
    // Iteration is done in seperate function    
    rte( y_tmp, los.start[i], los.stop[i], trans[i], 
                 source[i], y_space, los.ground[i], e_ground, y_ground);
 
    // Move values to output vector
    y[Range(iy0,nf)] = y_tmp;   // Copy to nf elements to y, starting at iy0.
 
    // Update iy0
    iy0 += nf;   
  }
  out3 << "\n";
}
 
 
void y_tau (
                    Vector&          y,
              const Los&             los,   
              const ArrayOfMatrix&   trans,
              ConstVectorView        e_ground,
              const Index&           z_start,
              const Index&           z_end )
{
  // Some variables
  const Index   n=los.start.nelem();    // Number of zenith angles 
  const Index   nf=trans[0].nrows();    // Number of frequencies 
        Index   iy, iy0=0;              // Index for output vector
        Vector  y_tmp;                  // Temporary storage for spectra
 
  assert (z_start >= 0);
  assert (z_end < n);
 
  out2 << "  Calculating optical thicknesses.\n";
 
  // Resize y and set to 1
  y.resize( nf*n );
  y = 1.0;                      // Matpack can set all elements like this.
 
  // Check if the ground emission vector has the correct length
  if ( any_ground(los.ground) )  
  {
    if ( e_ground.nelem() != nf )
      throw runtime_error(
          "There are intersections with the ground, but the frequency and\n"
          "ground emission vectors have different lengths (are dummy values\n"
          "used?).");
    out2 << "  There are intersections with the ground.\n";
  }
        
  // Loop zenith angles
  out3 << "    Zenith angle nr:     ";
  for ( Index i = z_start; i <= z_end; i++ )
  {
    if ( (i%20)==0 )
      out3 << "\n      ";
    out3 << " " << i; cout.flush();
    
    // Iteration is done in seperate function    
    bl( y_tmp, los.start[i], los.stop[i], trans[i], los.ground[i], e_ground );
 
    // Convert to optical thicknesses and move values to output vector
    for ( iy=0; iy<nf; iy++ )
      y[iy0+iy] = -log( y_tmp[iy] );
 
    // Update iy0
    iy0 += nf;           
  }
  out3 << "\n";
}
 
 
 
 
//   Workspace methods
 
void r_geoidStd( Numeric&    r_geoid )
{
  extern const Numeric EARTH_RADIUS;
  r_geoid = EARTH_RADIUS;
}
 
 
void r_geoidWGS84( 
              Numeric&   r_geoid,
        const Numeric&   latitude,
        const Numeric&   obsdirection )
{
  check_if_in_range( -90, 90, latitude, "latitude" );
  check_if_in_range( -360, 360, obsdirection, "obsdirection" );
 
  const Numeric rq = 6378.138e3, rp = 6356.752e3;
        Numeric a, b, rns, rew;
 
  // Calculate NS and EW radius
  a   = cos(latitude*DEG2RAD);
  b   = sin(latitude*DEG2RAD);
  rns = rq*rq*rp*rp/pow(rq*rq*a*a+rp*rp*b*b,(Numeric)1.5);
  rew = rq*rq/sqrt(rq*rq*a*a+rp*rp*b*b);
 
  // Calculate the radius in the observation direction
  a       = cos(obsdirection*DEG2RAD);
  b       = sin(obsdirection*DEG2RAD);
  r_geoid = 1/(a*a/rns+b*b/rew);
}
 
 
 
void groundOff( 
              Numeric&   z_ground,
              Numeric&   t_ground,
              Vector&    e_ground,
        const Vector&    z_abs )
{
  z_ground = z_abs[0];
  t_ground = 0;
  e_ground.resize( 0 );
}
 
 
 
void groundSet( 
              Numeric&   z_ground,
              Numeric&   t_ground,
              Vector&    e_ground,
        const Vector&    p_abs,
        const Vector&    t_abs,
        const Vector&    z_abs,
        const Vector&    f_mono,
        const Numeric&   z,
        const Numeric&   e )
{
  check_if_in_range( 0, 1, e, "e" );
  z_ground = z;
  t_ground = interpz( p_abs, z_abs, t_abs, z );
  e_ground.resize( f_mono.nelem() );
  e_ground = e;         
}
 
 
 
void groundAtBottom( 
              Numeric&   z_ground,
              Numeric&   t_ground,
              Vector&    e_ground,
        const Vector&    t_abs,
        const Vector&    z_abs,
        const Vector&    f_mono,
        const Numeric&   e )
{
  check_if_in_range( 0, 1, e, "e" );
  z_ground = z_abs[0];
  t_ground = t_abs[0];
  e_ground.resize( f_mono.nelem() );
  e_ground = e;                 // Matpack can set all elements like this.
}
 
 
 
void groundFlatSea( 
              Numeric&   z_ground,
              Numeric&   t_ground,
              Vector&    e_ground,
        const Vector&    p_abs,
        const Vector&    t_abs,
        const Vector&    z_abs,
        const Vector&    f_mono,
        const Vector&    za_pencil,
        const Numeric&   z_plat,
        const Numeric&   r_geoid,
        const Index&     refr,
        const Vector&    refr_index,
        const String&    pol,
        const Numeric&   t_skin )
{
  if( z_abs[0] > 0  ||  z_abs[z_abs.nelem()-1] < 0 )
    throw runtime_error( "The WSV *z_abs* must span 0 m." );
  if( min(f_mono) < 10e9  ||  max(f_mono) > 1000e9 )
    throw runtime_error( 
           "Frequencies below 10 GHz or above 1000 GHz are not allowed." );
 
  z_ground = z_abs[0];
 
  if( t_skin > 0 )
    { t_ground = t_skin; }
  else
    { t_ground = interpz( p_abs, z_abs, t_abs, 0 ); }
 
  // Calculate indidence angle
  Numeric  n_plat = 1, n_ground = 1;
  if( refr )
    {
      n_plat =  n_for_z( z_plat, p_abs, z_abs, refr_index, last(z_abs) );
      n_ground =  n_for_z( z_ground, p_abs, z_abs, refr_index, last(z_abs) );
    }
  Numeric sintheta = n_plat * (r_geoid+z_plat) * sin(DEG2RAD*max(za_pencil))
                                           / ( n_ground * (r_geoid+z_ground) );
  // If no LOS hits the ground, sintheta will be > 1. We set the angle then
  // to 90 degreees.
  if( sintheta > 1 )
    { sintheta = 1; }
  //
  const Numeric costheta = sqrt( 1 - sintheta*sintheta );
 
 
  // The expressions for the dielectric constant are taken from the file
  // epswater93.m (by C. Mätzler), part of Atmlab.
  // The constant e2 is here set to 3.52, which according to Mätzler 
  // corresponds to Liebe 1993.
 
  // Some constants
  const Numeric   theta = 1 - 300 / t_ground;
  const Numeric   e0    = 77.66 - 103.3 * theta;
  const Numeric   e1    = 0.0671 * e0;
  const Numeric   f1    = 20.2 + 146.4 * theta + 316 * theta * theta;
  const Numeric   e2    = 3.52;  
  const Numeric   f2    = 39.8 * f1;
  //
  const Numeric   n1    = 1;
  
 
  // Loop frequencies
  //
  e_ground.resize( f_mono.nelem() );
  //
  for( Index i=0; i<f_mono.nelem(); i++ )
    {
      const Complex  ifGHz( 0.0, f_mono[i]/1e9 );
 
      const Complex  eps = e2 + (e1-e2) / (Numeric(1.0)-ifGHz/f2) + 
                                (e0-e1) / (Numeric(1.0)-ifGHz/f1);
      const Complex  n2 = sqrt( eps );
            Complex  a,b;
 
      if( pol == "v" )
        { 
          a = n2 * costheta;
          b = n1 * cos( asin( n1 * sintheta / n2.real() ) );
        }
      else if( pol == "h" )
        { 
          a = n1 * costheta;
          b = n2 * cos( asin( n1 * sintheta / n2.real() ) );
        }
      else
        throw runtime_error( 
                        "The keyword argument *pol* must be \"v\" or \"h\"." );
 
      // Power reflection coefficient
      const Numeric   r = pow( abs( ( a - b ) / ( a + b ) ), Numeric(2.0) );
 
      e_ground[i] = 1 - r;
    }
}
 
 
 
void emissionOn( Index&   emission )
{
  emission = 1;
}
 
 
void emissionOff( Index&   emission )
{
  emission = 0;
}
 
 
 
void losCalc(       Los&        los,
                    Vector&     z_tan,
              const Numeric&    z_plat,
              const Vector&     za,
              const Numeric&    l_step,
              const Vector&     p_abs,
              const Vector&     z_abs,
              const Index&      refr,
              const Index&      refr_lfac,
              const Vector&     refr_index,
              const Numeric&    z_ground,
              const Numeric&    r_geoid )
{     
  Index   n = za.nelem();  // number of zenith angles
 
  // Some checks                
  check_if_bool( refr, "refr" );                                      
  if ( z_ground < z_abs[0] )
    throw runtime_error(
      "There is a gap between the ground and the lowest absorption altitude.");
  if ( z_plat < z_ground )
    throw runtime_error("Your platform altitude is below the ground.");
  if ( z_plat < z_abs[0] )  
    throw runtime_error(
      "The platform cannot be below the lowest absorption altitude.");
  if ( refr && ( p_abs.nelem() != refr_index.nelem() ) )
    throw runtime_error(
      "Refraction is turned on, but the length of refr_index does not match\n"
      "the length of p_abs. Are dummy vales used?");
  if ( refr && ( refr_lfac < 1 ) )
    throw runtime_error(
      "Refraction is turned on, but the refraction length factor is < 1. \n"
      "Are dummy vales used?");
    
  // Reallocate the los structure and z_tan
  los.p.resize(      n  );
  los.psi.resize(    n  );
  los.z.resize(      n  );
  los.l_step.resize( n  );
  los.ground.resize( n  );
  los.start.resize(  n  );
  los.stop.resize(   n  );
  z_tan.resize(      n  );
 
  // Print messages
  if ( refr == 0 )
    out2 << "  Calculating line of sights WITHOUT refraction.\n";
  else if ( refr == 1 )
    out2 << "  Calculating line of sights WITH refraction.\n";
  //
  out3 << "     z_plat: " << z_plat/1e3 << " km\n";
 
  // Loop the zenith angles
  for ( Index i=0; i<n; i++ )
  {
    out3 << "         za: " << za[i] << " degs.";
 
    los_1za( los.z[i], los.psi[i], los.l_step[i], los.ground[i], los.start[i],
             los.stop[i], z_tan[i], z_plat, za[i], l_step, z_ground, r_geoid,
                                   p_abs, z_abs, refr, refr_lfac, refr_index );
    out3 << "\n";
 
    // Convert altitudes to pressures
    los.p[i].resize( los.z[i].nelem() );
    z2p( los.p[i], z_abs, p_abs, los.z[i] );
  }
}
 
 
 
void zaFromZtan(
        // WS Goutput
              Vector&       za,
        const String&       /* za_name */,
         // WS input
        const Vector&       z_tan,
        const Numeric&      z_plat,
        const Vector&       p_abs,
        const Vector&       z_abs,
        const Index&        refr,
        const Vector&       refr_index,
        const Numeric&      r_geoid,
        const Numeric&      z_ground )
{
  check_lengths( p_abs, "p_abs", z_abs, "z_abs" );  
  if ( refr )
    check_lengths( p_abs, "p_abs", refr_index, "refr_index" );  
 
  const Numeric atm_limit = last(z_abs);
  const Index          nz = z_tan.nelem();
 
  za.resize(nz);
 
  for (Index i=0; i<nz; i++)
  {
    if (z_tan[i]>z_plat)
      throw runtime_error(
        "One tangent altitude is larger than the platform altitude");      
 
    // No refraction
    if (!refr)    
       za[i] = 90 + RAD2DEG*acos ( (r_geoid + z_tan[i]) / (r_geoid + z_plat) );
 
    // Refraction
    else
    {
      Numeric nz_plat =  n_for_z(z_plat,p_abs,z_abs,refr_index,atm_limit);  
      if (z_tan[i]>=0)
      { 
        // Calculating constant
        Numeric nza =  n_for_z(z_tan[i],p_abs,z_abs,refr_index,atm_limit);
        Numeric c   = (r_geoid + z_tan[i]) * nza;
        za[i]       =  180 - RAD2DEG * asin( c / nz_plat / (r_geoid + z_plat));
      }
      else
      {
        // inside the Earth, looking for hitting point
        Numeric ze  = RAD2DEG * acos((r_geoid + z_tan[i]) / r_geoid);
        // from hitting point to platform
        Numeric nze =  n_for_z(z_ground,p_abs,z_abs,refr_index,atm_limit);
        Numeric c   =  r_geoid * sin(DEG2RAD * (90-ze)) * nze;
        za[i]       =  180 - RAD2DEG * asin( c / nz_plat / (r_geoid + z_plat));
      } 
    }  
  }
}
 
 
 
void zaFromDeltat(
        // WS Generic Output:
        Vector&             za,
        // WS Generic Output Names:
        const String&       /* za_name */,
        // WS Input:
        const Numeric&      z_plat,
        const Vector&       p_abs,
        const Vector&       z_abs,
        const Numeric&      l_step,
        const Index&        refr,
        const Index&        refr_lfac,
        const Vector&       refr_index,
        const Numeric&      r_geoid,
        const Numeric&      z_ground,
        // Control Parameters:
        const Numeric&      delta_t,
        const Vector&       z_tan_lim )
 
{
  // Checking stuff
  check_lengths( p_abs, "p_abs", z_abs, "z_abs" );  
  if ( refr ) {
    check_lengths( p_abs, "p_abs", refr_index, "refr_index" );  
  }
  if ( z_tan_lim[0] > z_tan_lim[1] )
    throw runtime_error(
       "The lower tangent latitude is larger than the higher (in z_tan_lim).");
 
  // No refraction
  if (!refr)     
  {
    // Geometric calculations
    Vector phi(2);
    Vector za_lim(2);
    String zastr = "za_lim";
 
    zaFromZtan(za_lim, zastr, z_tan_lim, z_plat, p_abs, z_abs, refr, 
                                                refr_index, r_geoid, z_ground);
 
    phi[0] = za_lim[0] - 90;
    phi[1] = za_lim[1] - 90;
 
    const Numeric ang_step  = RAD2DEG * delta_t * 
                             sqrt (EARTH_GRAV_CONST / pow(r_geoid + z_plat,3));
 
    if (((phi[0]-phi[1])/ang_step) <=0)
      throw runtime_error("The time given is too large to have any cross-link in the given altitude range");     
 
    const Index n=Index(floor((phi[0]-phi[1])/ang_step));
 
    za.resize(n);
    for ( Index j=0;j<n;j++ )
      za[j] = 90 + phi[0] - ((Numeric)j * ang_step);
  }
 
  // Refraction
  else
  {  
    const Index ztanstep = 100;  // 100 meters step
    const Index n=Index(floor((z_tan_lim[1]-z_tan_lim[0])/ztanstep));
    
    Vector z_tan_1(n);
    Vector z_tan_2(n);
    za.resize(n);
 
    // ztan altitudes for later doing the interpolation
    for ( Index j=0;j<n;j++ )
      z_tan_1[j]=z_tan_lim[0]+(Numeric)j*ztanstep;
    
    // corresponding zenith angles
    String za_str = "za";
    zaFromZtan(za, za_str, z_tan_1, z_plat, p_abs, z_abs, refr, refr_index, 
                                                            r_geoid, z_ground);
    
    // corresponding psi
    Los los;
    losCalc(los,z_tan_2,z_plat,za,l_step,p_abs,z_abs,refr,refr_lfac,
                                                  refr_index,z_ground,r_geoid);
    // psi corresponding to the ztan defined for interpolation
    Vector psizb(n);
    for ( Index j=0;j<n;j++ )
      psizb[j]=los.psi[j][0];
    // lower and higer psi
    const Numeric psitop = psizb[n-1];
    const Numeric psibot = psizb[0];       
 
    // vel * deltat 
    const Numeric ang_step = RAD2DEG * delta_t * 
                             sqrt (EARTH_GRAV_CONST / pow(r_geoid + z_plat,3));
 
    // number of cross links in the ztan range specified for the given deltat
    if (((psibot-psitop)/ang_step)<=0)
      throw runtime_error("The time given is too large to have any cross-link in the given altitude range");  
    const Index np=Index(floor((psibot-psitop)/ang_step));
    // corresponding psi (in that z_tan_lim[1]-z_tan_lim[0])
    Vector psit(np);
    for ( Index j=0;j<np;j++ )
      psit[j]=psibot-(Numeric)j*ang_step;
 
 
    // ztan for psi for deltat from  psi and ztan for interpolation        
    z_tan_1.resize(np);
    for ( Index j=0;j<np;j++ )
    {
      z_tan_1[j]=interp_lin(psizb,z_tan_2,psit[j]);
    }
 
    // corresponding zenith angles
    zaFromZtan(za, za_str, z_tan_1, z_plat, p_abs, z_abs, refr, refr_index, 
                                                            r_geoid, z_ground);
   }
}
 
 
 
void sourceCalc(
                    ArrayOfMatrix&   source,
              const Index&           emission,
              const Los&             los,   
              const Vector&          p_abs,
              const Vector&          t_abs,
              const Vector&          f_mono )
{
  check_if_bool( emission, "emission" );
  check_lengths( p_abs, "p_abs", t_abs, "t_abs" );  
 
  if ( emission == 0 )
  {
    out2 << "  Setting the source array to be empty.\n";
    source.resize( 0 );
  }
 
  else
  {     
          Vector   tlos;                   // temperatures along the LOS
    const Index    nza=los.start.nelem();  // the number of zenith angles  
    const Index    nf=f_mono.nelem();      // the number of frequencies
          Index    nlos;                   // the number of pressure points
          Matrix   b;                      // the Planck function for TLOS  
          Index    iv, ilos;               // frequency and LOS point index
  
    out2 << "  Calculating the source function for LTE and no scattering.\n";
   
    // Resize the source array
    source.resize(nza);
  
    // Loop the zenith angles and:
    //  1. interpolate the temperature
    //  2. calculate the Planck function for the interpolated temperatures
    //  3. take the mean of neighbouring Planck values
    out3 << "    Zenith angle nr:      ";
    for (Index i=0; i<nza; i++ ) 
    {
      if ( (i%20)==0 )
        out3 << "\n      ";
      out3 << " " << i; cout.flush();
  
      if ( los.p[i].nelem() > 0 )
      {
        nlos = los.p[i].nelem();
        tlos.resize( nlos );
        interpp( tlos, p_abs, t_abs, los.p[i] );
        b.resize( nf, nlos );
        planck( b, f_mono, tlos );
        source[i].resize(nf,nlos-1);
        for ( ilos=0; ilos<(nlos-1); ilos++ )
        {
          for ( iv=0; iv<nf; iv++ )
            source[i](iv,ilos) = ( b(iv,ilos) + b(iv,ilos+1) ) / 2.0;
        }
      }
    }  
    out3 << "\n";
  }
}
 
 
 
void transCalc(
                    ArrayOfMatrix&   trans,
              const Los&             los,   
              const Vector&          p_abs,
              const Matrix&          abs )
{    
  check_length_ncol( p_abs, "p_abs", abs, "abs" );
 
  // Some variables
  const Index     n = los.start.nelem(); // the number of zenith angles
  const Index     nf = abs.nrows();      // the number of frequencies
        Index     np;                    // the number of pressure points
        Index     row, col;              // counters
        Matrix    abs2 ;                 // matrix to store interpolated abs.
        Numeric   w;                     // = -l_step/2
 
  out2 << "  Calculating transmissions WITHOUT scattering.\n";
 
  // Resize the transmission array
  trans.resize(n);
 
  // Loop the zenith angles and:
  //  1. interpolate the absorption
  //  2. calculate the transmission using the mean absorption between points
  out3 << "    Zenith angle nr:     ";
  for (Index i=0; i<n; i++ ) 
  {
    if ( (i%20)==0 )
      out3 << "\n      ";
    out3 << " " << i; cout.flush();
    
    np = los.p[i].nelem();
    if ( np > 0 )
    {
      abs2.resize( nf, np );
      interpp( abs2, p_abs, abs, los.p[i] );
      trans[i].resize( nf, np-1 );
      w  =  -0.5*los.l_step[i];
      for ( row=0; row<nf; row++ )
      {
        for ( col=0; col<(np-1); col++ )
          trans[i](row,col) = exp( w * ( abs2(row,col)+abs2(row,col+1) ) );
      }
    }
  }    
  out3 << "\n";
}
 
 
 
void y_spaceStd(
                    Vector&   y_space,
              const Vector&   f,
              const String&   choice )
{
  y_space.resize( f.nelem() );
 
  if ( choice == "zero" )
  {
    y_space = 0.0;              // Matpack can set all elements like this.
    out2 << "  Setting y_space to zero.\n";
  }
  else if ( choice == "cbgr" )
  {
    planck( y_space, f, COSMIC_BG_TEMP );
    out2 << "  Setting y_space to cosmic background radiation.\n";
  }
  else if ( choice == "sun" )
  {
    planck( y_space, f, SUN_TEMP );
    out2 << "  Setting y_space to blackbody radiation corresponding to "
         << "the Sun temperature\n";
  }
  else
    throw runtime_error(
      "Possible choices for y_space are \"zero\", \"cbgr\" and \"sun\".");
 
}
 
 
 
void yCalc (
                    Vector&          y,
              const Index&           emission,
              const Los&             los,   
              const Vector&          f_mono,
              const Vector&          y_space,
              const ArrayOfMatrix&   source,
              const ArrayOfMatrix&   trans,
              const Vector&          e_ground,
              const Numeric&         t_ground )
{
  // Check input
  // (ground emission and temperature are checked in the sub-functions)
  //
  check_if_bool( emission, "emission" );
  if ( los.p.nelem() != trans.nelem() )
    throw runtime_error(
      "The number of zenith angles of *los* and *trans* are different.");
  if ( emission )
  {
    check_lengths( f_mono, "f_mono", y_space, "y_space" );  
    if ( los.p.nelem() != source.nelem() )
      throw runtime_error(
        "The number of zenith angles of *los* and *source* are different.");
  }
 
  if ( emission == 0 )
    y_tau( y, los, trans, e_ground, 0, los.start.nelem () - 1 );
  else
    y_rte( y, los, f_mono, y_space, source, trans, e_ground, t_ground,
           0, los.start.nelem () - 1 );
}
 
void sourcetransyCalcSaveMemory(
                                Vector&          y,
                        const Index&           emission,
                        const Los&             los,
                        const Vector&          p_abs,
                        const Vector&          t_abs,
                        const Vector&          f_mono,
                        const Matrix&          abs,
                        const Vector&          y_space,
                        const Vector&          e_ground,
                        const Numeric&         t_ground,
                        const Index&           f_chunksize)
{
  // Some variables
  const Index   n=los.start.nelem();  // Number of zenith angles
  const Index   nf=f_mono.nelem();    // Number of frequencies
 
  assert (f_chunksize > 0);
 
  Index chunksize;
  if (f_chunksize > nf) chunksize=nf;
  else chunksize=f_chunksize;
 
  // make y the right size
  y.resize(  nf*n );
 
  for (Index i = 0; i < nf / chunksize + 1; i++)
    {
      Index nf_local;
 
      if ((i+1) * chunksize <= nf)
        nf_local = chunksize;
      else
        nf_local = nf % (i * chunksize);
 
      if (! nf_local) break;
 
      Range r (i * chunksize, nf_local);
 
      ConstVectorView f_monolocal (f_mono [r]);
      ConstVectorView e_groundlocal (e_ground [r]);
      ConstVectorView y_spacelocal (y_space [r]);
      ConstMatrixView abslocal (abs (r, joker));
 
      // Calculate source:
      ArrayOfMatrix sourcelocal;
      sourceCalc(// Output:
                 sourcelocal,
                 // Input:
                 emission,
                 los,
                 p_abs,
                 t_abs,
                 f_monolocal);
 
      // Calculate transmittances:
      ArrayOfMatrix translocal;
      transCalc(// Output:
                translocal,
                //Input:
                los,
                p_abs,
                abslocal);
 
      // Check input
      // (ground emission and temperature are checked in the sub-functions)
      //
      check_if_bool( emission, "emission" );
      if ( los.p.nelem() != translocal.nelem() )
        throw runtime_error( "The number of zenith angles of *los* and "
                             "*translocal* are different.");
      if ( emission )
        {
          if ( los.p.nelem() != sourcelocal.nelem() )
            throw runtime_error( "The number of zenith angles of *los* "
                                 "and *sourcelocal* are different.");
        }
 
      for (Index j = 0; j < n; j++)
        {
          // Calculate Spectrum:
          Vector ylocal;
 
          if ( emission == 0 )
            y_tau( ylocal, los, translocal, e_groundlocal, j, j );
          else
            y_rte( ylocal, los, f_monolocal, y_spacelocal, sourcelocal,
                   translocal, e_groundlocal, t_ground, j, j );
 
          // Move values to output vector
          y[Range(i * chunksize + j * nf, nf_local)] = ylocal;
        }
    }
 
}
 
void yTB (
                    Vector&          y,
              const Vector&          f_mono,
              const Vector&          za_pencil )
{
  out2 << "  Converts the values of *y* to Planck temperatures.\n";
  invplanck( y, f_mono, za_pencil );
}
 
 
 
void yTRJ (
                    Vector&          y,
              const Vector&          f_mono,
              const Vector&          za_pencil )
{
  out2 << "  Converts the values of *y* to Rayleigh-Jean temperatures.\n";
  invrayjean( y, f_mono, za_pencil );
}
 
 
 
void MatrixTRJ (// WS Generic Output:
                Matrix& kout,
                // WS Generic Output Names:
                const String& kout_name,
                // WS Input:
                const Vector& f_mono,
                const Vector& za_pencil,
                // WS Generic Input:
                const Matrix& kin,
                // WS Generic Input Names:
                const String& kin_name)
{
  out2 << "  Converts the values of *" << kin_name << "* to Rayleigh-Jean "
       << "temperatures,\n  and stores the result in *" << kout_name 
       << "*.\n";
 
  // Resize kout if necessary:
  if ( kout.nrows()!=kin.nrows() || kout.ncols()!=kin.ncols() )
    kout.resize(kin.nrows(),kin.ncols());
  
  for ( Index i=0; i<kin.ncols(); i++ )
  {
    kout(Range(joker),i) = kin(Range(joker),i); // Copy to ith column of kout.
    invrayjean( kout(Range(joker),i), f_mono, za_pencil );
  }
}
 
 
 
void MatrixTB (// WS Generic Output:
                Matrix& kout,
                // WS Generic Output Names:
                const String& kout_name,
                // WS Input:
                const Vector& f_mono,
                const Vector& za_pencil,
                // WS Generic Input:
                const Matrix& kin,
                // WS Generic Input Names:
                const String& kin_name)
{
  out2 << "  Converts the values of *" << kin_name << "* to Planck "
       << "temperatures,\n  and stores the result in *" << kout_name 
       << "*.\n";
 
  // Resize kout if necessary:
  if (kout.nrows()!=kin.nrows() ||
      kout.ncols()!=kin.ncols())
    kout.resize(kin.nrows(),kin.ncols());
  
  Vector y(kin.nrows());
  for ( Index i=0; i<kin.ncols(); i++ )
  {
    y = kin(Range(joker),i);    // Copy ith column of kin to y.
    invplanck( y, f_mono, za_pencil );
    kout(Range(joker),i) = y;   // Copy to ith column of kout.
  }
}
 
 
 
 
void CoolingRates(
            Matrix&   coolrate,
      const Numeric&  lstep0,
      const Vector&   p_abs,
      const Vector&   z_abs,
      const Vector&   t_abs,
      const Vector&   f_mono,
      const Matrix&   absorption,
      const Vector&   za_pencil,
      const Index&    refr,
      const Index&    refr_lfac,
      const Vector&   refr_index,
      const Numeric&  r_geoid,
      const Numeric&  z_ground,
      const Vector&   e_ground,
      const Numeric&  t_ground,
      const Vector&   p_coolrate,
      const Numeric&  lstep_limit )
{
  // Some sizes
  const Index   nf = f_mono.nelem();
  const Index   nza = za_pencil.nelem();
  const Index   np = p_coolrate.nelem();
 
  // Input checks not done elsewhere
  if ( za_pencil[0] != 0  ||  za_pencil[nza-1] != 180 )
    throw runtime_error(
      "The given zenith angle grid must start with 0 and end with 180" );
  
  // Give *coolrate* the correct size and set to 0
  coolrate.resize( nf, np );
  coolrate = 0;
 
  // Altitudes, temperatures and absorption corresponding to *p_coolrate*
  Vector   z_coolrate( np ), t_coolrate( np );
  Matrix   abs_coolrate( nf, np );
  interpp( z_coolrate, p_abs, z_abs, p_coolrate );
  interpp( t_coolrate, p_abs, t_abs, p_coolrate );
  interpp( abs_coolrate, p_abs, absorption, p_coolrate );
 
  // Create matrix to store values to be integrated in (zenith angles)
  // Fill with zeros to have OK values for zenith angles 0 and 180 
  Matrix   intgrmatrix( nf, nza, 0 );
 
  // Activate emssion and create vector with cosmic background radiation 
  const Index emission = 1;
  Vector   y_space( nf );
  y_spaceStd( y_space, f_mono, "cbgr" );  
 
  // Define local correspondance to some WSV
  Los             los;
  Vector          z_tan, y;
  ArrayOfMatrix   source, trans;
 
 
  // Loop pressure levels and do calculations described in AUG
  for( Index ip=0; ip<np; ip++ )
    {
      // Determine blackbody radiation at present altitude
      //planck( bbody, f_mono, t_coolrate[ip] );
 
      // Loop zenith angles and calculate incoming radiation
      // Skip 0 and 180 degrees as result anyhow will be zero (due to sin term)
      for( Index iza=1; iza<nza-1; iza++ )
        {
          Numeric lstep = lstep0 / abs( cos( DEG2RAD*za_pencil[iza] ) ); 
          if( lstep > lstep_limit  ||  abs( za_pencil[iza] - 90 ) < 0.01 )
            lstep = lstep_limit;
 
          losCalc( los, z_tan, z_coolrate[ip], Vector(1,za_pencil[iza]), 
                   lstep, p_abs, z_abs, refr, refr_lfac, refr_index, 
                   z_ground, r_geoid );
          sourceCalc( source, emission, los, p_abs, t_abs, f_mono );
          transCalc( trans, los, p_abs, absorption );
          yCalc ( y, emission, los, f_mono, y_space, source, trans, 
                  e_ground, t_ground );
 
          const Numeric sinv = sin( DEG2RAD*za_pencil[iza] );
 
          for( Index iv=0; iv<nf; iv++ )
            { 
              Numeric bb_eff;
              if( los.stop[0] == 0)
                { bb_eff = source[0](iv,los.stop[0]); }
              else
                { bb_eff = source[0](iv,los.stop[0]-1); }
 
              intgrmatrix(iv,iza) = (bb_eff-y[iv])*abs_coolrate(iv,ip)*sinv;
            }
        }
 
      // Loop zenith angles and make integration
      //
      const Numeric cp = 1.00e3;
      const Numeric rho = 28.8 * p_coolrate[ip] / 
                         ( t_coolrate[ip] * BOLTZMAN_CONST * AVOGADROS_NUMB );
      const Numeric factor1 = 2 * PI / (cp*rho);  
      //
      for( Index iza=1; iza<nza; iza++ )
        {
          const Numeric factor2 = DEG2RAD*(za_pencil[iza]-za_pencil[iza-1]);
 
          for( Index iv=0; iv<nf; iv++ )
            {
              coolrate(iv,ip) += factor1 * factor2 * 
                      ( intgrmatrix(iv,iza) + intgrmatrix(iv,iza-1) ) / 2;
            }
        }
    }
}